The Seven Fundamental Steps of CPR

Performing CPR on a heart attack victim who isn't breathing or responsive can significantly increase their chance for survival. While CPR can seem confusing or overwhelming for someone who's never done it before, it's actually fairly easy. First and foremost, before you start CPR or any other medical care, it's imperative that you call your local EMS line (such as 911) and check your environment. If it isn't safe for you to help, then don't. Call EMS, stay clear of any hazards and tell dispatch what you know. If it is safe, then follow these seven fundamental CPR steps until an ambulance, fire truck, or a higher medical authority arrives:  

       
  1. Put the heel of your dominant hand at the center of the person's chest. Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface, such as a floor. You cannot effectively perform CPR if a person is in bed or in a seated position.
  2.    
  3. Put your other hand over your dominant hand, then interlock your fingers. If you're doing CPR on a child (someone one to eight years old), you can use one hand. For a baby (someone newborn to 12 months old), you use two fingers.
  4.    
  5. Start chest compressions. Lean directly over the person and keep your arms straight. Press down into their chest, then come up. It's important to let the chest rise again fully. You should be trying to push down about two inches, or five centimeters. Aim to do around 100 compressions per minute, or to the beat of Staying Alive. Complete 30 chest compressions.
  6.    
  7. Open the person's mouth. Once you've done 30 chest compressions, stop; tilt the persons head back and open their mouth at the chin. Cover their face with a pocket mask or barrier device.
  8.    
  9. Add a rescue breath. Breathe into the person's mouth, enough for their chest to begin to rise. If you can't see the chest starting to rise, reposition their head and try again.
  10.    
  11. Watch the chest fall, then do another rescue breath. Once the person's chest is settled, you can re-adjust the head if needed, then complete another rescue breath.
  12.    
  13. Continue the 30 compressions, 2 breaths cycle. Do this until EMS arrives, the scene becomes unsafe, or if the person wakes up. If you can, switch out with another trained person, every two minutes.
  14.  

While CPR can seem complex, it's much simpler and straightforward than most would think. It all comes down to the seven fundamental CPR steps. If you want more information on first aid training, or would like to take a course, visit www.baxtersafety.com or download the Red Cross #BeReady or #FirstAid app.

Jodi Baxter

Jodi is an authorized Red Cross Training partner who worked her way through school and graduated from the University of Waterloo with a degree in English, focusing on documentation and writing. She has written articles, edited books, created leadership best practices manuals, provided content to websites and created end-user guides. She was even a content provider for magazines such as Reps! Magazine, Status Magazine, Oxygen and Muscle Magazine. A long-term community supporter and local volunteer, she joined the Canadian Red Cross in 2011 and found her passion for facilitation; specializing in first aid instruction, safety and prevention. After writing an article on the world's strongest firefighter, she was inspired to take on a new challenge and in 2013 graduated from Conestoga College with a diploma in firefighting. Straight out of college, she became an authorized provider and Red Cross Training Partner, pooling all her previous experiences and expertise into her small business, Baxter Safety. In 2015 she became a Red Cross Instructor Trainer and joined the Emergency Response Team with Disaster Management, supporting both small and large-scale disasters. Having a strong background in communication and facilitation skills, she became a Psychological First Aid Instructor and expanded her expertise to include Respect Education, Violence and Abuse Prevention. Jodi maintains a small training business providing courses within Ontario focusing on first aid, safety and prevention. She continues to increase her education and experience within the community and volunteers actively in disaster management.

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Performing CPR on a heart attack victim who isn't breathing or responsive can significantly increase their chance for survival. While CPR can seem confusing or overwhelming for someone who's never done it before, it's actually fairly easy. First and foremost, before you start CPR or any other medical care, it's imperative that you call your local EMS line (such as 911) and check your environment. If it isn't safe for you to help, then don't. Call EMS, stay clear of any hazards and tell dispatch what you know. If it is safe, then follow these seven fundamental CPR steps until an ambulance, fire truck, or a higher medical authority arrives:  

       
  1. Put the heel of your dominant hand at the center of the person's chest. Make sure the person is lying on a hard, flat surface, such as a floor. You cannot effectively perform CPR if a person is in bed or in a seated position.
  2.    
  3. Put your other hand over your dominant hand, then interlock your fingers. If you're doing CPR on a child (someone one to eight years old), you can use one hand. For a baby (someone newborn to 12 months old), you use two fingers.
  4.    
  5. Start chest compressions. Lean directly over the person and keep your arms straight. Press down into their chest, then come up. It's important to let the chest rise again fully. You should be trying to push down about two inches, or five centimeters. Aim to do around 100 compressions per minute, or to the beat of Staying Alive. Complete 30 chest compressions.
  6.    
  7. Open the person's mouth. Once you've done 30 chest compressions, stop; tilt the persons head back and open their mouth at the chin. Cover their face with a pocket mask or barrier device.
  8.    
  9. Add a rescue breath. Breathe into the person's mouth, enough for their chest to begin to rise. If you can't see the chest starting to rise, reposition their head and try again.
  10.    
  11. Watch the chest fall, then do another rescue breath. Once the person's chest is settled, you can re-adjust the head if needed, then complete another rescue breath.
  12.    
  13. Continue the 30 compressions, 2 breaths cycle. Do this until EMS arrives, the scene becomes unsafe, or if the person wakes up. If you can, switch out with another trained person, every two minutes.
  14.  

While CPR can seem complex, it's much simpler and straightforward than most would think. It all comes down to the seven fundamental CPR steps. If you want more information on first aid training, or would like to take a course, visit www.baxtersafety.com or download the Red Cross #BeReady or #FirstAid app.

Vlad Magdalin

Passionate reader | People person | The one behind All dad jokes